2.7 % of jobs in the EU and 3.0 % of jobs in the euro area were vacant in the sond quarter of 2023.
4.7 % of jobs in the Netherlands were vacant in the sond quarter of 2023, the highest value in the EU, followed by Belgium (4.6 %) and Austria (4.4 %).
This article gives an overview of rent quarterly and annual job vacancy statistics, notably the job vacancy rate (JVR) in the European Union (EU) , Iceland, Norway and Switzerland.
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EU policies in the area of job vacancies aim to improve the functioning of the labour market by trying to help match supply and demand more closely. The European jobs and mobility portal (EURES) was set up in order to enable job seekers to consult all vacancies publicised by the employment services of each EU Member State.
Was 3.0 % in the sond quarter of 2023, down from 3.1 % in the previous quarter and 3.2 % in the sond quarter of 2022. In the EU, the job vacancy rate was 2.7 % in the sond quarter of 2023, down from 2.8 % in the previous quarter and 3.0 % in the sond quarter of 2022 as shown in Table 1 and Figure 4.
Among EU Member States (see Data sources for information concerning coverage), the highest job vacancy rates in the sond quarter of 2023 were rorded in the Netherlands (4.7 %), Belgium (4.6 %), and Austria (4.4 %) as shown in Figure 1. By contrast, the lowest rates were observed in Bulgaria and Romania (0.8 % in both of them), Spain and Poland (0.9 % in both of them) and Slovakia (1.0 %).
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Compared with the same quarter of the previous year, the job vacancy rate increased in 4 EU Member States, remained stable in 4 Member States and dreased in 19 Member States. The increases were observed in Gree (+0.4 percentage points (pp)), Cyprus (+0.2 pp), Portugal and Italy (both +0.1 pp). The largest dreases were rorded in Czhia (-1.2 pp), Denmark, Luxembourg and Finland (-0.8 pp in all of them).
Figure 2 presents information for annual job vacancy rates in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 and displays a pattern of dreasing job vacancy rates across all EU Member States in 2020 and a marked rovery in 2021 and 2022. In most EU Member States, the annual job vacancy rate was higher in 2022 than the pre-pandemic level of 2019.
In the EU, the Covid-19 pandemic had an impact on the job vacancy rate rorded in 2020 similar to the onomic ression in 2009 (see Figure 3) but with a quicker rovery. At the height of the crisis in 2009, the EU job vacancy rate fell by 0.3 pp compared with the year before, remained unchanged in 2010 before increasing by 0.3 pp in 2011 which offset the impact of the big ression. By comparison, there was a drease of 0.5 pp in 2020 due to the effts of the Covid-19 pandemic with a subsequent rovery of 0.6 pp in 2021 and 0.6 pp in 2022.
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In the euro area, the Covid-19 pandemic had a more pronounced impact on the job vacancy rate rorded in 2020 than the onomic ression in 2009, with a quick rovery in both cases. In 2009, the job vacancy rate of the euro area slightly dreased compared with the year before (by 0.1 pp against 0.3 pp for the EU) and increased back to its initial level in 2010 already. In 2020, the job vacancy rate fell by 0.4 pp with a rovery of 0.6 pp in 2021 and 0.7 pp in 2022.
Figure 4 presents the development of the seasonally adjusted quarterly job vacancy rates in the EU and the euro area between 2011 and 2023.
Figure 5 presents the job vacancy rates of the EU and the euro area by onomic activity, in the sond quarter of 2023. Data are displayed from stion B to stion N of the NACE Rev. 2 classification, for which data are available from all EU countries. The highest job vacancy rates, for both the EU and the euro area, were rorded in Stion N: Administrative and support service activities (that includes temporary employment agencies) followed by Stion M: Professional, scientific and thnical activities, Stion I: Accommodation and food service activities, Stion F: Construction, and Stion J: Information and communication.
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The results displayed in this stion are collted from a database of online job advertisements, developed by Cedefop and Eurostat. Data are acquired through web scraping, web crawling thniques or dirt access using an Application Programming Interface.
The figures refer to reference year 2022. Figure 6 displays the 10 most sought occupations that year, according to the 4th digit level of the ISCO classification, and Figure 7 displays the most demanded skills (in natural language).
Eurostat publishes quarterly and annual data on the number of job vacancies and the number of occupied posts. This information is collted on a quarterly basis from the national statistical authorities under the Regulation on quarterly statistics on Community job vacancies. The data may be analysed by onomic activity at the NACE stion level and by size of enterprise, while data are collted on a voluntary basis by occupation or by region. Annual data for the job vacancy rate are unadjusted information calculated dirtly from the quarterly data. Some of the data provided by the EU Member States fail to match common criteria and there may be differences in the coverage between countries. As a result, there are currently no EU totals for the actual numbers of job vacancies or occupied posts, work is currently underway to remove these differences in coverage. Note that the data presented for Denmark relates to NACE Stions B to N, rather than the broader aggregate of NACE Stions B to S used for the other EU Member States. Data for France and Italy refer to enterprises with 10 or more employees, rather than the broader aggregate of all enterprises that is used for the other EU Member States. Due to a methodological change there is a break in series for Malta in 2017. The EU and euro area job vacancy rates are calculated on the basis of the information that is available, no estimates are made for missing or incomplete data.
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The source dataset for online job advertisements covers over 100 million ads posted in EU countries, collted from several hundred web sources including job search engines and public employment services’ websites. To the extent possible, automatic systems filter out multiple postings for the same vacancy. Online job advertisements usually include data on the characteristics of the job (e.g., occupation and location), of the employer (e.g. onomic activity) and requirements (e.g., education/skills). This information, only available as unstructured data (natural language text), is processed and classified according to main international classifications.
Job vacancy statistics provide information on the level and structure of labour demand. The job vacancy rate may, in part, reflt the unmet demand for labour, as well as potential mismatches between the skills and availability of those who are unemployed and those sought by employers. Job vacancy statistics are used by the European Commission and the European Central Bank (B) to analyse and monitor the development of the labour market at national and European level. These statistics are also a key indicator used for an assessment of the business cycle and for a structural analysis of the onomy.
Policy developments in this area have focused mainly on trying to improve the labour market by matching supply and demand more closely, through:
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The European jobs and mobility portal (EURES) was set-up with the aim of providing job seekers in the EU with the opportunity to consult all job vacancies publicised in each of the EU Member State's employment services. The website provides access to a range of job vacancies from 31 European countries (27 EU Member States, as well as Iceland, Lihtenstein, Norway and Switzerland). In March 2022, there were almost nearly 4.0 million vacant posts advertised in EURES.
European job days are another EU initiative in this domain, with hundreds of events being organised across Europe. These aim to raise awareness about the opportunities and practicalities of living and working in another European country, encouraging mobility throughout the EU and putting job candidates in touch with employers who have job vacancies. Such events typically include job fairs, seminars, ltures, workshops and cultural events, all aimed at improving labour mobility.
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